lower critical field meaning in Hindi

Examples

1. The first, lower critical field occurs when magnetic flux vortices penetrate the material but the material remains superconducting outside of these microscopic vortices.
2. Type II superconductors allow a different sort of mixed state, where the magnetic field ( above the lower critical field H _ { c1 } ) is allowed to penetrate along cylindrical " holes " through the material, each of which carries a magnetic flux quantum.
3. Abrikosov vortices can be trapped in a type-II superconductor by chance, on defects, etc . Even if initially type-II superconductor contains no vortices, and one applies a magnetic field H larger than the lower critical field H _ { c1 } ( but smaller than the upper critical field H _ { c2 } ), the field penetrates into superconductor in terms of "'Abrikosov vortices " '.